Urine Test Parameter Guide
A routine urine test (urine R/M) checks the physical, chemical and microscopic features of urine. This guide explains each line of the report.
The Urine Test Parameter Guide is being built
This free reference guide will appear here shortly. Meanwhile, the formula and ranges below show exactly how it works.
- Urine parameter or report values
- Meaning of each value
- Normal / abnormal
About the Urine Test Parameter Guide
Urine tests help detect urinary tract infections, kidney problems, diabetes and dehydration.
Reference ranges & how it works
Typical normal findings:
Colour: pale yellow · Appearance: clear · pH: 4.5–8.0 · Specific gravity: 1.005–1.030
Protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin, nitrite: negative
Pus cells (WBC): 0–5 /hpf · RBC: 0–2 /hpf · Epithelial cells: few · Casts & crystals: occasional or none
Collect a clean-catch midstream sample, preferably the first urine of the morning.
Frequently asked questions
What do pus cells in urine mean?
More than about 5 pus cells per high-power field often points to a urinary tract infection, especially with burning or frequent urination.
Can menstruation affect a urine test?
Yes. It can show blood in urine. If possible, give the sample a few days after your period ends or inform the lab.
Medical disclaimer: These tools give general information and estimates only. They are not a diagnosis and do not replace advice from a qualified doctor. Always talk to your doctor about your results, and seek urgent medical help in an emergency.